By Article 19 the doctrine of continuous voyage was declared inapplicable to blockade. By Article 17 neutral vessels may only be captured for breach of blockade “within the area of the warships assigned to render the blockade effective.” Under the customary law they are liable to capture during any part of the outward or return voyage. Two important amendments, however, were made. For the most part, the provisions in the Declaration of London (1909) relating to blockade are merely declaratory of the common law. The penalty for breach of blockade was the loss of the ship in any event, and of the cargo if at the time of shipment the blockade was known or might have been known by the shipper.Īt the London Naval Conference of 1908–09, an attempt was made to codify the law of maritime warfare. There must be actual or constructive knowledge of the blockade by those responsible for the conduct of the vessel.Ī blockade terminates (1) if it is expressly raised by the blockading government or by the officer in command of the blockading force, (2) if it ceases to be effectively maintained, or (3) if the blockaded place is actually occupied by the blockading state. Such proclamations were formerly common and were known as “ paper blockades.” A belligerent may not blockade neutral territory unless it is in the actual control or occupation of the enemy, nor may it blockade enemy territory in such a way as to prevent access to neutral territory. A belligerent may, if it can, blockade the whole of the enemy’s seaboard, but the mere proclamation of a blockade of the whole or any part of the enemy’s coast, without anything more, is of no legal effect. A commercial blockade has no immediate military objective but is designed to cause the enemy to surrender or come to terms by cutting off all commercial intercourse by sea. A military blockade is undertaken to attain some specific military objective, such as the capture of a naval port. The former may be either military or commercial. In a memorandum prepared for the London Naval Conference of 1908–09, the British government defined a blockade as “an act of war carried out by the warships of a belligerent, detailed to prevent access to or departure from a defined part of the enemy’s coast.” This differs from a so-called pacific blockade inasmuch as the latter is not strictly an operation of war and cannot rightly be enforced against neutrals. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!Įnglish engraving celebrating the blockade of Louisbourg.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.
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